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对医院价格与牌照的管制,是中国低价医院的敌人"

感谢网友REE先生昨天给我的留言.REE先生有对我的文章有两点质疑:第一,国家福利制度下的公共领域有没有原罪;第二,他说,如果一旦宣布放开管制,不会有一个人愿意去做低价医院的.

我想在这里一一解答.
1、医疗与教育在其社会性上看,其公共色彩更为浓厚,治病救的医院与教书育人的学校,这是两个神圣的领域,似乎要求它的从业者更多一些道德自律,因为市场看不见的手在这里面是很难伸进去的.我要说的问题也正在这里.
为什么只有上学难,看病难而不是买吃的难或买穿的难?一定是有过大的需求与过小的供给所致.直到目前,我们的医院与学校都是国家控制下的重要公共领域,牌照制度(许可证)是市场的第一道关.以公众安全为名,减少医院的许可证的发放使大量的资本不能进入这一行业.举一个小例子 ,回龙观地区已经住了几十万北京人了,但为什么没有一所大医院?不是市场没有需求,而是计划性的医疗投资还没有把计划做到这里.台湾的王永庆数年前就想在这一带开他的长庚医院了,只是他不能获得执照.

执照是对自由的一种限制.伟大的经济学家弗里德曼在< 资本主义与自由>这本几十年前的小册子里,对于医疗行业的牌照制度有精辟的论述:表面上看,它是对进入者的门槛限制有利于保护公众的健康,但这种限制在实际的操作中往往成为行业关联垄断的借口.政企不分的医院,一个计划经济制度下的所谓医疗系统内,是一种政府直接支持的垄断,放入准入者将会降低它的直接收益.为什么公众看病难?因为控制医院数量才能保证垄断收益,所以看病难;为什么看病贵?因为垄断保护下的高价药成为医院从渠道获取暴利的重要收入源,致使低价药难以卖出.

以公共健康为名,限制私人和外国资本进入几乎是卫生界的奉为真理的价值观.纵观欧美社会,那么多的私立医院也并不是草菅人命的专家;人道主义精神反而是解放前的协和医院做得最好.在美国,那么多的私立学校并没有改变他们传承文明的地位,哈佛等大批私立的学校成为中国留学生远渡重洋学习的圣地.

所以,政府支持下的医院牌照制度是开入社会的敌人.REE先生说的国家福利下的公共医疗系统没有合理的制度安排,当然是要承担原罪的责任的.

2、REE 先生认为,只要放开市场准入,一定没有人愿意做一个低价医院.市场是一个金钻空子塔,它要细分成无数的层级,每一个层级由于它的供给关系而形成不同的价格体系,每一个价格体系成就一类医院,简单地说,高中低三档自然会形成,而且,中低档医院的数量反而会更大.你看,商业领域国家放开了准入后,有钱您可以去燕莎,中产者至少可以去百盛,收入再低一点的您可以去动物园批发市场,如果还没钱的话,您可以去早市买东西.这就是市场,你有什么需求,我就有什么供给.

我们的医院为什么是高价医院?政府控制下的价格体系,以垄断利润为第一要义,正好把一个金字塔给倒起来了,全想做高价医院,这看起来多危险呀.

我以前就举过一个例子:在英国,海边有灯塔,早年,穆勒这样的经济学家写文章时说,灯塔这样的建筑为航船指方向的,如果是私人的,你不可能防止某些船只偷偷看方向而又不付款的行为,所以肯定是公共建筑,只能由政府拿钱.后来,经济学家科斯证明说,即使这样的东西,实际上也是私人人掏钱造的,而且,他们之间是有合约的.

我举出这样一个极端的例子想说,这世上,道德是人的私德,天天把人民挂在嘴上也是个人或团体的私德,只它是锦上添花的东西.真正实用而有效的是,进入制度改良,放开牌照,严格监管,不用评先进,也不用党员医生带头,北京到处都是医院,每一个病人进去是时,医生脸上都会挂着笑容.


1/11/2006 9:23:59 AM Post by[王正鹏:财经夜谭]
 

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